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History Notes History of the British Isles II: 1042-1330 Notes

Renaissance Notes

Updated Renaissance Notes

History of the British Isles II: 1042-1330 Notes

History of the British Isles II: 1042-1330

Approximately 951 pages

These notes contain all the work that I did during the term on the Oxford University module: History of the British Isles II: 1042-1330.

They include extremely detailed notes on these topics:
The Norman Conquest
The Anarchy and Stephen's reign
Economy
National Identity
Magna Carta
Religion
William Marshal, Knighthood and the Aristocracy
Jews

In addition, there are extensive background notes on the period including 74 pages of detailed notes on M. T. Clanchy's England and its...

The following is a more accessible plain text extract of the PDF sample above, taken from our History of the British Isles II: 1042-1330 Notes. Due to the challenges of extracting text from PDFs, it will have odd formatting:

The$12th$Century$Renaissance Dr#Poleg ? Should'not'omit'Paris'and'Bologna'2'the'British'Isles'are'not'cut'off'from'the'rest'of'the'world ? Southern'2''in'all'this'the'impulse'comes'from'France'and'Italy' ? The'Renaissance'is'a'pan2European'phenomenon ? The'12th'Century'Renaissance'2'the'term'was'coined'by'C.'H.'Haskins' ~'Aimed'to'refute'the'idea'that'the'Middle'Ages'were'the'Dark'Ages ' ' ~'Period'between'Antiquity'and'the'15th'Century'Renaissance'2'seen'to'be'a'period' ' ' of'decay ' ' ~'15th'Century'Renaissance'disregarded'the'Gothic'and'moved'away'from' ' ' ' Scholasticism ' ~'Haskins'thought'that'a'similar'Renaissance'movement'could'be'seen'in'the'12th'century Renaissance'2'not'just'rediscovery'of'ancient'texts'but'also'a'revival'of'culture,'architecture,' law,'jurisprudence,'theology,'architecture,'illuminations'etc. ? Paris'and'Bologna'were'the'2'most'important'centres?? ' ~'Paris'2'theology ' ~'Bologna'2'law th 12 'Century'Renaissance'is'connected'to'the'Crusades'and'the're2conquest'in'Spain ' ~'Greek'knowledge'and'new'arithmetic,'algebra'and'astronomy'knowledge'came'from' ' the'more'advanced'Arabic'culture Greek'knowledge'was'translated'from'the'Arabic'into'Latin'e.g.'Euclid's'Elements Intellectual'knowledge'is'still'very'much'in'monasteries'and'cathedral'schools'at'the'start'of' the'Renaissance Can'extend'Renaissance'from'1077'until'1215 ' ~'Gregory'VII'to'Lateran'IV ? Shift'in'the'location'of'knowledge'?'establishment'of'the'first'universities'at'the'end'of'the'period Universities'came'about'at'the'beginning'of'the'13th'century'2'important'legal'status ' ~'Centres'of'learning'that'are'not'immediately'connected'to'religion ? Early'12th'century'2'learning'was'traditional'and'Latin ? Arabic'influences'changed'knowledge' ~'New'treatises'on'mathematics'and'astronomy The'way'people'wrote'also'changed ' ~'Shift'in'numerals'2'until'then'numerals'were'primarily'Latin'but'as'the'period'progressed' ' there'was'a'move'to'Arabic'numerals ' ' ~'Important'new'existence'of'the'number'zero'2'indispensable'for'calculations ? Walcher'of'Malvern'2'combined'religious'life'with'that'of'the'astronomer ' ' ' ~'Produced'lunar'tables ' ~'These'are'useful'as'they'are'recorded'with'dates'2'can'see'shifts'in'method'e.g.'he' ' began'to'use'an'astrolabe'to'measure'where'stars'are'in'order'to'make'charts ? Alfonsi'2'vast'knowledge'of'science ? First'in'the'Latin'West'to'produce'a'complete'set'of'astronomical'tables ? Scientific'community'in'south2west'England'in'the'1120s'2'Walcher'of'Malvern,'Alfonsi'and'?Adelard'of'Bath Alfonsi'also'compiled'Disciplina'clericalis'2'very'popular'set'of'proverbs Adelard'of'Bath'visited'many'areas'of'Europe They'produced'manuscripts'that'were'made'for'a'scientific'community ? Most'of'the'translation'from'Arabic'to'Latin'took'place'in'Sicily'and'Spain ? The'Church'was'able'to'differentiate'between'Islam'and'Arabic'knowledge'in'science ' ' ' ~'Caused'a'problem'in'other'elements'such'as'theology'2'Christian'scholars'had'a'problem' in'that'when'they'looked'at'Hebrew'knowledge,'some'of'it'could'conflict'with'Church' doctrine ? Translation'from'Hebrew'to'Latin'took'place'in'England ? Bilingual'manuscripts'were'produced'in'a'collaboration'between'Christians'and'Jews'e.g.'the'????Hebrew'Latin'Psalter ' ~'Part'of'the'Old'Testament'and'important'to'both'Judaism'and'Christianity ' ~'3'columns'set'out'2'Jerome's'Latin'translation,'a'further'closer'translation'of'the'Hebrew' ' and'then'a'third'column'of'Hebrew'?'were'interested'in'the'original'text'of'the'psalms There'are'examples'of'working'manuscripts'with'interlinear'notes The'interest'in'Hebrew'scholarship'was'part'of'a'larger'shift'2'rise'of'a'literal'interpretation'of' the'Bible ' ~'Had'4'different'ways'of'interpreting'scripture Early'Christianity'2'allegorical'sense'is'the'most'important ' ~'12th'century'revival'of'the'literal'sense'2'what'the'author'intended Greater'interest'in'authorial'intention'?'interest'in'Hebrew'versions Typical'of'scholasticism Scholasticism'is'very'important'in'the'12th'century'Renaissance'2'looks'at'multiple'authorities' at'the'same'time'?'see'sources'as'diverse'and'not'necessarily'in'conflict'with'each'other ' ~'Maxim'of'bringing'different'sources'together ' ~'Many'textbooks'are'written'bringing'sources'together'e.g.'Gratian's'Decretum Rediscovered'Aristotelian'logic'and'used'it'to'harmonise'conflicting'authorities,'especially'in' law'and'theology Clement'of'Llanthony'harmonised'4'different'sources'in'his'Unum0et0quatuor This'method'can'also'be'seen'in'preaching ? Stephen'Langton'embodies'the'12th'Century'Renaissance?? ' ~'Studied'in'Paris'1165280 ' ~'Teaching'in'Paris ' ~'Later'a'Cardinal'and'then'Archbishop'of'Canterbury Numerous'examples'of'English'men'who'reside'and'teach'in'Paris About'a'third'of'all'scholars'in'the'University'of'Paris'are'of'English'origins ' ~'Are'then'very'welcome'in'the'English'church 63%'of'the'entourage'of'the'Archbishop'of'Canterbury'by'1200'had'been'in'Paris ' ~'Langton'emphasises'an'overall'trend'of'the'link'to'the'Continent Langton'does'much'preaching'2'nicknamed''thunder2tongue' ' ~'Sees'himself'as'a'church'reformer ' ~'Encountered'bishops'who'did'not'want'him'to'preach'his'modern'reform ' ' ~'Find'evidence'of'this'in'his'biblical'commentaries ? Systemisation'of'knowledge'is'a'major'development ? Renaissance'is'not'just'about'new'knowledge'but'about'new'ways'of'understanding'that'????????knowledge,'preserving'it'and'engaging'with'it Law'and'theology'2'brought'together'different'authorities'on'a'single'text'and'led'to'the' development'of'the''glossa0ordinaria' ' ~'Influential'new'layout'2'main'text'in'the'middle'with'larger'type,'in'between'the'lines' ' there'are'interlinear'notes'and'then'on'the'margins'there'are'different'authorities' ' commenting'on'the'text'?'new'complex'understanding The'glossa0ordinaria'was'immensely'important'2'complex'layout'to'provide'all'the'knowledge ' ~'Began'to'use'footnotes,'asterisks,'stars'etc. Also'began'to'have'universal'divisions'of'text'which'could'be'referred'to'everyone'2'before'the' 12th'century'there'were'no'unified'chapter'divisions'of'the'Bible'so'it'is'difficult'to'refer'to'a' certain'part'of'a'book New'way'of'dividing'a'text'into'smaller'portions ' ~'This'layout'of'the'Bible'has'been'used'ever'since Different'notion'of'presenting'and'retaining'knowledge More'and'more'list2making'in'the'later'Middle'Ages Bullet'point'lists'of'authorities Idea'of'division'as'a'way'of'structuring'knowledge'2'each'idea'is'broken'down'into'separate' ideas ' ~'Diagrams'a'bit'like'a'tree'with'branches'spreading'outwards De0sex0alis0Cherubim'2'picture'consolidating'ideas'with'each'feather'of'the'angel'representing'a' theological'idea Start'from'a'single'idea'and'then'break'it'down'into'categories'2'division The'influence'of'the'12th'century'Renaissance'also'extended'to'literature Re2deployment'and'enhancement'of'popularity'of'literature'from'pagan'Rome Osbern'Pinnock'2'Panormia0 Rediscovery'of'the'classics'and'new'means'of'historical'narrative Writing'of'history'e.g.'William'of'Malmesbury Also'an'interest'in'the'means'of'governance'and'the'rise'of'bureaucracy'towards'the'end'of'the' 12th'century ' ~'John'of'Salisbury'2'writes'on'bureaucracy'in'his'Policraticus The'Dialogus0de0Scaccario'shows'the'workings'of'the'Exchequer'and'also'shows'scholastic' dialogue ' ~'Dialogue'between'a'disciple'and'a'master'2'typical'of'Scholasticism ' ' ~'Question'and'answer'e.g.''What'is'the'exchequer?' England'and'the'12th'Century'Renaissance Philippa'Byrne' ' '?? ' '?'' ' ' ' '' ' ' ' '' '' '? ' Coined'in'1927',''12th'Century'Renaissance' ~'In'comparison'to'the'Renaissance'of'the'14th'and'15th'centuries ~'High'culture,'appreciation'of'the'classics'and'the'high'values'of'the'ancient'world' developed'in'1050,1250 Revival'of'classical'learning','dramatic'in'quality'and'quantity Closes'with'the'establishment'of'great'universities'across'Europe Haskins','classics'were'his'inherent'focus'for'finding'the'Renaissance Importance'of'commentaries'on'texts'for'learning'of'rhetoric'and'the'meanings'of'texts ~'Nature'of'virtue ~'How'the'argument'is'presented'and'developed Revival'of'antiquity'and'a're,engagement'with'classical'learning Can'compare'England'to'other'parts'of'Europe Late'11th'and'early'12th'centuries','great'cathedral'libraries'lack'some'basic'texts'of' ancient'learning'such'as'Cicero ~'As'the'century'advances,'they'acquire'these','yet'behind'countries'such'as'France Revision'of'this'argument'by'Benson'and'Constable','standard'book'on'the'subject ~'Renaissance'in'almost'every'aspect'of'cultural'life ' ~'Never'really'addresses'the'question'of'what'intellectual'changed'there' ' actually'were'in'the'12th'century ' ~'Simply'making'a'survey'of'the'cultural'life'of'the'period','not'showing'what' ' is'distinctive'in'the'12th'century Rise'of'systematic'theology','distinctive ~'Commentaries'on'the'Bible ~'From'the'11th'century'onwards'aimed'to'produce'a'continuous'commentary'on' all'the'Books'of'the'Bible ' ~'Previously'only'the'Gospels'and'the'first'5'books ~'New'comprehensiveness'as'opposed'to'the'selections'of'before Cicero'and'Seneca','learning'from'these'could'then'be'applied'to'the'Bible ~'Highest'level'of'study'at'the'University'of'Paris'is'that'of'theology ' ~'Needed'a'degree'in'the'liberal'art'of'classics'before'one'could'study'this Theological'summa','begins'with'the'creation'of'the'universe'and'goes'up'to'the'Last' Judgement ~'Tracts'with'questions','objections'and'responses ' ~'e.g.'sacraments Definition'of'the'12th'century'Renaissance'by'its'theological'products Southern','described'England'as'a'new'colony'of'the'French'intellectual'empire ~'Continuing'uncertainty'as'to'the'place'of'England'in'High'medieval'Europe ? ' ' ' ' ' '? ' ' ' ' ' 'Issue'of'English'exceptionalism','12th'century'England'was'not'a'nation'of'intellectuals' as'the'Crown'did'not'support'them'to'the'same'extent'as'others'in'Europe ~'Political'culture'was'different','bishops'were'mainly'officeholders'with'a'low' quality'of'learning',>'did'not'need'great'learning'as'others'did'in'Europe ~'e.g.'Thomas'Becket','had'only'elementary'study'of'the'classics'and'low'standard' of'Latin'yet'he'has'a'great'record'in'administrative'service ' ~'Compared'to'Bishop'of'Paris'in'1228','had'spent'his'entire'life'in'universities' ' studying'theology'and'had'written'many'treatises If'you'succeed'in'the'English'Church'it'is'in'spite'of'your'learning'rather'than'because'of' it England'could'be'seen'as'not'lesser'but'just'different ~'Not'excelling'in'theology ~'English'achievements'are'supposedly'found'in'the'realm'of'history','specifically' English'talent'from'Bede'and'the'Anglo,Saxon'Chronicle'to'Henry'of'Huntingdon' and'Geoffrey'of'Monmouth ' ~'Need'for'histories'following'the'Conquest ~'Lack'of'innovation','record,keeping Was'England'really'so'special'and'different'for'its'historical'endeavours?Grosseteste','benefited'from'unusual'learning'conditions'in'England',>'great'and' different'synthesis'in'his'work3'possible'ways'of'appreciating'the'place'of'England ~'Considering'the'geography'and'development'of'schools ~'Role'of'individuals ~'Textual'evidence'for'the'Renaissance ' ' '?' ' '? ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Colony'of'French'intellectual'empire? Geographically,'was'England'cut'off? Abelard'(perhaps'the'greatest'master'of'12th'century'theology)',''The'land'was' barbarous'and'its'speech'was'unknown'to'me;'as'for'the'monks,'their'vile'and' untameable'way'of'life'was'notorious'almost'everywhere'.'.'.'And'there,'amid'the' dreadful'roar'of'the'waves'of'the'sea,'where'the'land's'end'ledt'me'no'further'refuge'in' flight,'often'in'my'prayers'did'I'repeat'over'and'over'again:''From'the'end'of'the'earth'I' will'cry'unto'Thee,'when'my'heart'is'overwhelmed' ~'Was'actually'describing'Brittany ~'Not'a'Renaissance'across'all'of'France ~'Focused'on'cathedral'schools'and'cities Before'the'first'decade'of'the'13th'century'we'need'to'use''schools''rather'than' 'universities' 1209','students'killed'a'woman'so'Oxford'men'hanged'3'students ~'Study'was'suspended'for'5'years'until'1214','it'is'then'that'there'is'the'first'papal' charter'for'the'school ~'Lack'of'evidence'for'a'curriculum ~'3'disciplines'of'arts,'law'and'theology ~'Loosely'organised'collection'of'schools',>'a'proper'centralised'university ' ~'Difficult'to'date'this ~'1166','evidence'for'teaching'of'canon'law

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