LPC Law Notes International Competition and Anti-Trust Notes
A collection of the best LPC International Competition and Anti-Trust notes the director of Oxbridge Notes (an Oxford law graduate) could find after combing through dozens of LPC samples from outstanding students with the highest results in England and carefully evaluating each on accuracy, formatting, logical structure, spelling/grammar, conciseness and "wow-factor". In short these are what we believe to be the strongest set of International Competition and Anti-Trust notes available in the UK t...
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Outcomes
Explain the rationale behind the law relating to abuse of market power
Identify and explain the factors that the EU, UK and US systems require to establish market power
Identify and explain what activities amount to an abuse, and the commercial reasons for undertakings engaging in illegal abusive conduct
Understand the basic elements of a competition law compliance programme
Understand the factors that need to be considered when making a presentation to a client
Develop presentation skills
Outcome 1 – explain the rationale behind the law relating to abuse of market power
Abuse of market power occurs when an undertaking has sufficient market power to act independently on the market – it is a unilateral conduct that can cause damage to competition (as opposed to anti-competitive agreements – WS2)
Some companies have such large shares of the market that instead of responding to market forces, they can influence the competitive environment to their own advantage e.g. where a company holds a monopoly
Rules relating to abusive conduct are in addition to the rules relating to anti-competitive agreements. Accordingly, an undertaking with market power must comply with both set of rules
Undertakings with market power have instead of responding to market power forces have sufficient power to influence the competition market forces – this may be used to distort competition in favor of the undertaking having the market power
Outcome 2 - Identify and explain the factors that the EU, UK and US systems require to establish market power
Outcome 3 – Identify and explain what activities amount to an abuse, and the commercial reasons for undertakings engaging in illegal abusive conduct
EU – Article 102 TFEU
Article 102 TFEU prohibits ‘[a]ny abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position … in so far as it may affect trade between Member States’.
Unlike Article 101 TFEU there is no need to establish separate undertakings – abuse by one undertaking will be sufficient to impose liability on a dominant firm
DOMINANCE
Must establish whether an undertaking has market power – or holds a dominant position
Legal test for dominance (set out in United Brands v Commission):
The dominant position thus referred to by Article 102 relates to a position of economic strength enjoyed by an undertaking which enables it to prevent effective competition being maintained on the relevant market by affording it the power to behave to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors, customers and ultimately of its consumers
Legal test is based on the undertaking’s ability to act independently or largely insensitive to the actions and reactions of its competitors, customers and ultimately consumers
Market share of an undertaking is indicative of undertaking’s ability to act independently (but will not on it’s own establish dominance – other factors must also be considered)
Relevant Market
Must define the market in which the undertaking operates to establish market share
Broken down into RPM and RGM
Relevant Product Market: all those products/services regarded as interchangeable by the consumer by reason of the products’ characteristics, their prices and their intended use (European Commission Notice definition, as applied in United Brands – in this case ‘bananas’). I.e. what is the exact product in question?
2 Economic tests to establish RPM ?
Test 1: Demand substitutability: would a small but lasting increase in the price of product A cause product A’s consumers to switch to a readily available substitute? (United Brands)
Apply to facts: will buyers still purchase the product if the price rises? Do they need it badly?
SSNIP test: Small but Significant and Non-transitory Increase in Price – products will be considered to constitute a single market if a hypothetical monopolist – the only seller of a product – could profitably impose and sustain a small but significant and non-transitory increase in price (normally 5-10%)
Test 2: Supply Substitutability: could potential competitors switch to producing the same products as the undertaking in question without incurring significant additional costs or risks? (According to the ECJ, this test is normally applied with a time frame of 1 year in mind)
Apply to facts: Could a manufacturer of a similar product start producing the product in question with relative ease? i.e. could supplier of product X begin to easily supply product Y? NB. RPM may be very narrow (e.g. spare parts for Hugin cash registers – Hugin Kassaregister)
Relevant Geographic Market: the area of the common market where the conditions of competition are homogenous (European Commission Notice definition of RGM, as applied in United Brands) I.e. where exactly is the undertaking dominant?
Start by assuming the RGM is the whole of the EU (Hilti AG), then work inwards if any of the following factors (outline in United Brands) so dictate:
Transportation costs
If costs are high, producers in a distant geographic area may not be able to compete effectively because of the high price of their products
Product characteristics (is it fragile? Is it perishable?)
Is a particular product capable of being transported?
Shipment patterns
Where are the relevant products currently being sold?
Location of plants (identical product made at a wide range of plants implies small geographic markets)
Where are manufacturing facilities located?
Apply to facts: assume RGM is whole EU, but keep an eye out for information such as ‘only in English-speaking countries due to fashion trends’
NB. Although RGM must constitute a substantial part of the common market, it may geographically be very small, as long as it is substantial economically (Sea Containers – Port of Holyhead)
Conclude as to the market share of the undertaking: Does the figure raise a presumption of dominance?
Save in exceptional circumstances, very large market shares will be in themselves evidence of a dominant...
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A collection of the best LPC International Competition and Anti-Trust notes the director of Oxbridge Notes (an Oxford law graduate) could find after combing through dozens of LPC samples from outstanding students with the highest results in England and carefully evaluating each on accuracy, formatting, logical structure, spelling/grammar, conciseness and "wow-factor". In short these are what we believe to be the strongest set of International Competition and Anti-Trust notes available in the UK t...
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