Medicine Notes Clinical Cardiology Notes
This series of notes is on clinical cardiology. These notes were made using a variety of textbooks, notes from tutorials with consultants and knowledge gained on the ward with doctors. These notes helped me a achieve a good grade of 68% in the end of year exams....
The following is a more accessible plain text extract of the PDF sample above, taken from our Clinical Cardiology Notes. Due to the challenges of extracting text from PDFs, it will have odd formatting:
MITRAL VALVE
Mitral stenosis
Causes
Rheumatic (COMMONEST)
Congenital
Mucopolysaccharidoses (metabolic disorders= absence of enzymes)
Endocardial fibroelastoses
Prosthetic valve
Presentation (symptomatic when orifice <2cm2)
Dyspnoea
Fatigue
Palpitations
Chest pain
Systemic emboli; Haemoptysis; Chronic bronchitis
Signs
Malar flush
Low-volume pulse
AF
Tapping, non-displaced apex
Auscultation= Loud S1; Rumbling mid diastolic murmur
Tests
ECG AF; P mitrale; RVH
CXR L atrial enlargement; Pulmonary oedema; Mitral valve calc.
Echo Diagnostic (as is cardiac catheter)
Management
Medication= rate control; warfarin; diuretics
Balloon valvuloplasty
Surgery (presence of gradient by cath >4mmHG)
Open mitral valvotomy/commissurotomy
Valve replacement
Complications
Pulmonary hypertension
Emboli
Mitral regurgitation
Causes
Functional (LV dilatation)
Annular calc.
Rheumatic fever
IE
MV prolapse
Ruptured cordae tendinae
Papillary muscle dysfunction/rupture
CTDs
Cardiomyopathy
Congenital
Appetite suppressants
Symptoms & signs
CHF symptoms
IE
Displaced hyperdynamic apex
RV heave
Auscultation= Pan-systolic murmur
Tests
ECG AF; P mitrale; LVH
CXR Big LA & LV; mitral valve calc; pulmonary oedema
Echo & cardiac catheterisation
Management
Medication= Rate control; warfarin; diuretics
Surgery= Deteriorating symptoms (repair/replace)
Mitral valve prolapse
General
Most common valvular abnormality
Alone/with ASD; patent ductus arteriosus; cardiomyopathy; CTD
Symptoms
Asymptomatic
Atypical chest pain & palpitations
Autonomic dysfunction (anxiety, panic attack, syncope)
Signs= Mid-systolic click/systolic murmur
Complications
Mitral regurg./ Cerebral emboli/Arrhythmias/Sudden death
Tests
Echo Diagnostic
ECG Inferior T inversion
Management
B-blockers (pain and palpitations)
Severe= surgery
Aortic Valve
Aortic stenosis
Causes
Senile calcification (COMMONEST)
Congenital
Rheumatic heart disease
Symptoms and signs
Chest pain; Exertion dyspnoea; Syncope
Classic triad= Angina + Syncope + HF
Slow rising pulse; Heaving non-displaced apex
Auscultation= Holo-systolic murmur (radiates to carotids)
Tests
ECG P-mitrale; LVH
CXR Minimal changes initially; Cardiomegaly later
Echo Diagnostic. +ve= Cardiac catheterisation (increased pressure)
DDx= Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Management
Symptomatic= Poor prognosis without surgery
Aortic sclerosis= Senile degeneration--> Ejection systolic; No carotid radiation; Normal pulse
Aortic regurgitation
Causes
Acute= IE; Ascending aorta dissection; Chest trauma
Chronic
Congenital; CTD; Rheumatic fever; Vasculitides; RA; Arthritides; HTN
Symptoms
SOB; Palpitations; Angina; Syncope; Orthopnea
Signs
Collapsing pulse; Wide pulse pressure
High pitched early diastolic murmur
de Musset's sign; Quinke's sign
Tests
ECG LVH
CXR Cardiomegaly; Dilated ascending aorta; Pulmonary oedema
Echo Diagnostic. Cardiac catheterisation (severity)
Management
...
Buy the full version of these notes or essay plans and more in our Clinical Cardiology Notes.
This series of notes is on clinical cardiology. These notes were made using a variety of textbooks, notes from tutorials with consultants and knowledge gained on the ward with doctors. These notes helped me a achieve a good grade of 68% in the end of year exams....
Ask questions 🙋 Get answers 📔 It's simple 👁️👄👁️
Our AI is educated by the highest scoring students across all subjects and schools. Join hundreds of your peers today.
Get Started