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Medicine Notes Biochemistry Notes

Metabolic Intergration Notes

Updated Metabolic Intergration Notes

Biochemistry Notes

Biochemistry

Approximately 216 pages

1st year Oxford notes and tutorial essays on Biochemsitry ...

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METABOLIC INTERGRATION

Substrate utilisation...

Fatty acids

-Heart

-Skeletal muscle (especially type 1-highly aerobic)

-Liver

-Renal cortex

Glucose

-Brain

-Red blood cells (no mitochondria)

-Renal medulla (poor circulation-hypoxic)

-Skeletal muscle (especially type 2 fibres)

Amino acids

-Liver (all exept leucine, isolecuine, valine)

-Gut – glutamine, glutamate, aspartate

-Renal cortex- Glutamine

-Muscle- Leucine, isoleucine, valine

Inter-organ relationships...

Muscle-liver cycle

CORI CYCLE: Lactate is produced during anaerobic respiration and is transported into the liver where it is converted into glucose and allows further oxidiation to continue

-alanine and glutamine are released from skeletal muscle during amino acid metabolism. These are gluconeogenic precursors and are transported to the liver where they are converted into glucose

b) Fatty acid metabolism

-Dietary fat absorbed from enterocytes are converted into chylomicrons which are transported as triglycerides to the adipose tissue. Lipoprotein lipase breaks down the Triglyceride into fatty acids which is then stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue

-Endogenous fatty acids are synthesised in the liver when there are excess substrates such as carbohydrates and amino acids. The fatty acids are transported in VLDL and are stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides

-When there is an increased demand for energy triglycerdies stored in adipose tissues are mobilised as fatty acids.

-The fatty acids bound to albumin are transported into the heart, muscle, renal cortex, liver

-During starvation when there is a lack of substrates, the liver generates ketone bodies which is also an energy substrate for the heart, muscle and renal cortex and decreases the dependence on glucose.

c) amino acid metabolism

-The metabolism of amino acids in peripheral tissues releases ammonia which is transported to the kidney, liver, intestine in the non toxic form of glutamine

-In the intestine the glutamine is used as an energy substrate and the free NH3 released binds to pyruvate to form alanine. Alanine is transported to the liver where it is a gluconeogenic precurosor

-in the liver, the glutamine is deaminated and the free ammonia is converted into urea, through the urea cycle and is excreted in urine

-in the kidney the...

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