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Medicine Notes Cardiorespiratory Fitness Notes

Acid Base Homeostasis Blood Loss Notes

Updated Acid Base Homeostasis Blood Loss Notes

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Notes

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Approximately 173 pages

These notes offer you pretty much everything you could need to know for the Heart, Lungs & Blood module. They are designed around the Manchester PBL system, but aren't specific to it. The main topics of the PBL cases were: pneumothorax, asthma, COPD, heart failure, myocardial infarction, anaemia, DVT & PE, and blood loss. These topics are covered, as well as all of the normal physiology and behavioural & social aspects....

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The following is a more accessible plain text extract of the PDF sample above, taken from our Cardiorespiratory Fitness Notes. Due to the challenges of extracting text from PDFs, it will have odd formatting:

Semester 2

Case 9: Negative Consequences

• What is the blood supply to the lower limbs?

[1]

Blood Supply to the Anterior & Medial Thigh

Artery Origin Course Distribution in leg
Femoral. Continuation of external iliac artery distal to inguinal ligament Descends through femoral triangle bisecting it; then courses through adductor canal; terminates as it transverses adductor hiatus, where its name becomes popliteal artery Branches supply anterior & anteromedial aspects of thigh
Deep femoral artery. Femoral artery 1-5cm inferior to inguinal ligament Passes deeply between pectineus and adductor longus; descending posterior to latter on medial side of femur 3-4 perforating arteries pass through adductor magnus muscle, winding around femur to supply muscles in medial, posterior, & lateral part of anterior compartments
Medial circumflex femoral. Deep artery of thigh; may arise from femoral artery Passes medially and posteriorly between pectineus and iliopsoas; enters gluteal region & gives rise to posterior retinacular arteries; then terminates by dividing into transverse & ascending branches Supplies most of blood to head & neck of femur; transverse branch takes part in cruciate anastomosis of thigh; ascending branch joins inferior gluteal artery
Lateral circumflex femoral. Passes laterally deep to sartorius & rectus femoris, dividing into ascending, transverse, & descending arteries Ascending branch supplies anterior part of gluteal region; transverse branch winds around femur; descending branch joins genicular periarticular anastomosis
Obturator. Internal iliac artery or (in about 20%) as an accessory or replaced obturator artery from the inferior epigastric artery Passes through obturator foramen; enters medial compartment of thigh & divides into anterior & posterior branches, which pass on respective sides of adductor brevis Anterior branch supplies obturator externus; pectineus, adductors of thigh, and gracilis; posterior branch supplies muscles attached to ischial tuberosity

Femoral Vein

This is the continuation of the popliteal vein proximal to the adductor hiatus. As it ascends through the adductor canal, the femoral vein lies posterolateral and then posterior to the femoral artery. The femoral vein enters the femoral sheath lateral to the femoral canal and ends posterior to the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein. In the inferior part of the femoral triangle, the femoral vein receives the deep vein of the thigh, formed by the union of 3 or 4 perforating veins, enters the femoral vein approximately 8cm inferior to the inguinal ligament and approximately 5cm inferior to the termination of the great saphenous vein.

Blood Supply to the Leg

Artery Origin Course Distribution in leg
Popliteal. Continuation of femoral artery in adductor hiatus in adductor magnus Passes through popliteal fossa to leg; ends at lower border of popliteus muscle by dividing into anterior & posterior tibial arteries Superior, middle, and inferior genicular arteries to both lateral and medial aspects of knee
Anterior tibeal. Popliteal Passes between tibia & fibula into anterior compartment through gap in superior part of interosseous membrane & descends this membrane between tibialis anterior & extensor digitorum longus Anterior compartment of leg
Dorsalis pedis (Dorsal artery of foot). Continuation of anterior tibeal artery distal to inferior extensor retinaculum Descends anteromedially to first interosseous space and divides into plantar & arcuate arteries Muscles on dorsum of foot; pierces first dorsal interosseous muscles as deep plantar artery to contribute to formation of plantar arch
Posterior tibial. Popliteal Passes through posterior compartment of leg and terminates distal to flexor retinaculum by dividing into medial & lateral plantar arteries Posterior & lateral compartments of leg; circumflex fibular branch joins anastomosis around knee; nutrient artery passes to tibia
Fibular. Posterior tibeal Descends in posterior compartment adjacent to posterior intermuscular septum Posterior compartment of leg; perforating branches supply lateral compartment of leg

The lateral compartment of the leg doesn’t have an artery coursing through it. Instead, perforating branches and accompanying veins supply blood to & drain blood from the compartment. Proximally, perforating branches of the anterior tibeal artery penetrate the anterior intermuscular septum. Inferiorly, perforating branches of the fibular artery penetrate the posterior intermuscular septum, along with their accompanying veins.

• What neurovascular structures pass from the neck to the thorax?

Arteries

Arteries in Lateral Cervical Region:

Lateral Branches of Thyrocervical Trunk – The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery. It gives rise to a suprascapular artery & a cervicodorsal trunk (AKA: transverse cervical artery) from its lateral aspect; its terminal branches are the ascending cervical & inferior thyroid artery.

  • The suprascapular artery passes inferolaterally across the anterior scalene muscle & phrenic nerve. It also passes the subclavian artery & the brachial plexus, then posterior to the clavicle.

  • The cervicodorsal trunk bifurcates into branches that run superficially & laterally across the phrenic nerve and anterior scalene muscle, 2-3cm superior to the clavicle. They then pass through the trunks of the brachial plexus.

Third Part of the Subclavian Artery – Supplies blood to the upper limb. It begins slightly superior to the clavicle, opposite the lateral border of the anterior scalene muscle. This is the longest & most superficial part of the artery, and lies on the first rib. It lies posterior to the anterior scalene muscle, and directly anterior to the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus.

Part of the Occipital Artery

Arteries in Anterior Cervical...

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