Psychology Notes Edexcel Psychology Notes
Really detailed notes, they served me well. Specific to Edexcel Psychology exam board, AS and A2....
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Unit 2- psychology
The psychodynamic approach
Define the psychodynamic approach
The approach focuses on the influence of unconscious desires and repressed emotions in motivating behaviour and personality
Unconscious is a vast area of the mind which stores all those desires, thoughts, memories and fantasies which may threaten our sense of self-worth and identity
They are repressed yet their energy requires discharge and thus Freud believed that the ego attempts to do this through the use of defence mechanisms, dreamwork jokes, Freudian slips and hysteric symptoms
Freud also depicted the id as the unconscious part of the personality made up of biological drives, predominantly for sex and aggression, which are repressed due to their socially unacceptable nature
Aspects of the superego or morality principles are also unconscious and exert constrains upon our behaviour
A second assumption of the approach is the importance of early childhood in shaping adult personality
(now describe the psychosexual stages, and the effects of over and under gratification and fixation on adult personality types)
Third assumption is that behaviour/personality are determined by an interaction between nature and nurture
We are born with instinctive drives for sex and aggression (nature, survival value; evolutionary advantages if we have these drives), however the drives are modified by experiences within the family during early childhood (0-5 years), (nurture)
Terms and definitions
Conscious
Freud believed
Contains all conscious feelings that we are currently aware
Section is very small, comparing it to the ‘tip of the iceberg’ believing that a vast majority of the mind is inaccessible
Only part of personality available to awareness is part of the ego which is the reality principle
E.g. listening to music and singing along this would be occurring in your conscious mind
Preconscious
Small section of the mind which lies ‘beneath the surface’ of conscious awareness
Contains thoughts and feelings which can be accessed but of which we are not currently aware
E.g. when listening to a song and someone asks you when you first heard that song, think for a while, then remember it was on the radio when you were driving your car
Unconscious
Vast section of the mind, containing a mass of socially unacceptable thoughts, desires, fantasies and traumatic memories
Inaccessible to conscious awareness, acts as a storage bin for anything which might threaten one’s self identity and self-esteem.
Thought where all thoughts originate thus some material may become conscious but other material may never become conscious due to its threatening nature
Psychoanalytic therapy is supposed to help people by allowing some of this unconscious material to become conscious, thus freeing a person from the constraints of their past experiences.
Id
Babies are born as a bundle of ‘id’ or constrained biological drives or impulses
The id works on the pleasure principle and is irrational and demanding
It motivates behaviour but at an unconscious level
E.g. if a man spilt a drink on a woman, Freud might explain that this man’s id driving him to spill the drink in order that he can help her to clean it up, thus allowing him to touch her. The man would remain completely unaware that he even liked the woman
Ego
Freud believed…
Formed in the second year of life, during anal stage
Rational part of the personality and works on the reality principle
Job is to meet the demands of the id while still satisfying the superego, or morality principle
Happens through defence mechanisms, hysteric symptoms and dreamwork
E.g. the ego may translate a desire for sex into a dream about horse riding or some other physically demanding activity
Superego
Freud believed…
Formed as a result of a resolved Oedipus/ Electra complex, during the phallic stage
Two components; the ego ideal which rewards us with pride and self-esteem for ‘doing the right thing’, but also the conscience which punishes us with feelings of shame and guilt for doing ‘the wrong thing’
Like our ‘inner-parent’ and represents societies attitudes about what is right and wrong
E.g. superego may exert its influence by making a person feel ashamed of their sexual desires and put other priorities ahead of their sexual relationship, such as work or child care
Defence mechanism
Short term coping strategies employed by the ego in order to meet the conflicting demands of the id and superego
Many defence mechanisms including repression and denial which involve pushing a desire or memory out of the conscious awareness into the unconscious
Other defence mechanisms involve expressing the desire but in a different way. E.g. in projection one’s own desires or undesirable characteristics are attributed to others and the person will behave towards the other person in a way keeping with this cognitive shift, i.e. a person may lavish attention on others when they really desire that attention themselves
In displacement a persona may express their aggression towards their children when their real source of anger is their own parents
Repression
Defence mechanism which protects the self-esteem from conscious awareness of the id’s socially unacceptable desires and also from experiencing recall of traumatic experiences
Sometimes called motivated forgetting
Thoughts, feelings and traumatic memories are stored in the unconscious mind.
E.g. Williams (1991) noted that 38% of women sexually abused as children were unable to recall their experiences 17 years later as adults
Projection
People who use projection ‘see’ certain qualities or personality traits in others which are in fact true of themselves, but they do not recognise this at a conscious level
If the individual was to recognise these traits as part of their own personality they may find this distressing
So the ego expresses this knowledge by making it relate to someone else; it is ‘easier’ to understand and reason about the faults in others than ourselves
In a...
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Really detailed notes, they served me well. Specific to Edexcel Psychology exam board, AS and A2....
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