Veterinary Medicine Notes Cardiorespiratory system 1 Notes
Revision notes for cardiorespiratory system module....
The following is a more accessible plain text extract of the PDF sample above, taken from our Cardiorespiratory system 1 Notes. Due to the challenges of extracting text from PDFs, it will have odd formatting:
Types
1. "Transudate"
2. Blood
3. Lymph
4. Exudate (pyothorax)
Signs
1. Homogeneous opacity in ventral thorax (frequently "scalloped" lung edges)
2. Partial/complete loss of heart/diaphragm shadow
3. Interlobar fissures seen (fluid between lung lobes)
4. Fluid in thoracolumbar recess in caudodorsal thorax (N.B. normal reflection of lungs in cats)
5. Fluid opacity between lungs and thoracic wall in VD/DV
Signs
Lucent space between the heart shadow and sternum
Lung lobes retracted from the thoracic borders, with no lung markings at the periphery
Increased lung opacity (collapse)
Film has an overall overexposed appearance
Beware:
Small lucent space between heart and sternum in deep-chested dogs at peak inspiration
Skin folds in DV/VD views
Fat between heart and sternum in fat dogs
These are more common in the cranial mediastinum, where they often cause dorsal (or ventral) displacement of the trachea and caudal displacement of the heart. Oesophageal dysfunction may occur with large masses.
Most patterns are MIXED, with more than one of the following. We must deduce from the combinations what the underlying disease is.
Normal Lung Pattern
Fluid accumulation, cellular infiltrates and lung collapse may cause this.
Types
1. Transudate
2. Blood
3. Exudate
4. Cellular
5. Collapse
Signs
1. Ill-defined ("fluffy") patches of increased opacity.
2. Ill-defined areas remain aerated (air alveolograms).
3. Bronchi become visible against increased opacity (air bronchograms). Beware parallel blood vessels, esp. over heart.
4. Lung lobar margins seen.
5. Blood vessels, heart and diaphragm become obscured.
6. Alveolar infiltrates are very labile and may change markedly over 24-48 hours.
Types
1. Unstructured: ageing changes
fibrous healing or chronic disease
early oedema, haemorrhage or pneumonia
lymphoma/diffuse pulmonary metastasis
pneumonitis (e.g. viral, parasitic, uraemia, paraquat)
Beware: underexposed or partially expiratory films will mimic this pattern. Digital radiographs also show more marked interstitial markings than film.
Signs:
1. Diffuse increased lung opacity
2. Blood vessels, heart and diaphragm become unclear (but usually still visible)
3. Honeycomb, reticular, meshwork appearance
4. May be similar to alveolar, but less "fluffy"
N.B. Most unstructured interstitial patterns are incidental.
2. Miliary nodulation (2 - 5mm diameter rounded opacities):
metastatic neoplasm
pulmonary lymphoma
granulomatous PIE
Aelurostrongylus (cats)
TB
3. Evenly rounded, discrete multiple nodules (> 5mm diameter):
metastatic neoplasm
primary lung tumours
4. Solitary nodule (>5mm diameter.):
indistinct: focal pneumonia
...
Buy the full version of these notes or essay plans and more in our Cardiorespiratory system 1 Notes.
Revision notes for cardiorespiratory system module....
Ask questions 🙋 Get answers 📔 It's simple 👁️👄👁️
Our AI is educated by the highest scoring students across all subjects and schools. Join hundreds of your peers today.
Get Started