GDL Law Notes GDL Equity and Trusts Notes
A collection of the best GDL notes the director of Oxbridge Notes (an Oxford law graduate) could find after combing through many applications from mostly first class students and carefully evaluating each on accuracy, formatting, logical structure, spelling/grammar, conciseness and "wow-factor". In short these are what we believe to be the strongest set of GDL notes available in the UK this year. You'll notice that we include several different authors' worth of notes. The first is our 2017 author...
The following is a more accessible plain text extract of the PDF sample above, taken from our GDL Equity and Trusts Notes. Due to the challenges of extracting text from PDFs, it will have odd formatting:
Intro
Normal requirements for testamentary trusts: must comply with s 9 Wills Act 1837
Reasons for using secret trusts: A will is a public document so privacy and also flexibility
Secret trusts – mechanism: either a) outright gift to the intended trustee in the will (fully secret) or gift in the will to the intended trustee stated to be ‘on trust’ (half secret)
Validity: Secret trusts appear to be exempt from statutory formalities
Standard of proof: onus is on the person claiming that a trust exists: standard is the normal civil standard (Re Snowden)
Justification for enforcing secret trusts:
“Fraud theory” – we enforce them otherwise it would vs. the equitable theory that you cannot use statute for fraud – but unclear who this ‘fraud’ is being committed against.
Hodge: thinks it’s a fraud on both the testator and the secret beneficiary – but theory only really works with FTF (as with HSF it is clear there is a trust on the face of the will)
Discussed in Kasperbauer v Griffith
“Dehors the will theory”
HSF: Blackwell and Blackwell – they happen outside the will – so we endorse them
So we circumvent the statutory formalities of s9 of the Wills Act
Secret trust operates by the declaration – not inside the will
Re Gardner (No. 2) beneficiary’s share did not lapse upon death (dubious decision : see below)
Re Young: secret trust benefited the testator’s chauffeur who had witnessed the will (see below)
Requirements
Requirements set out in Kasperbauer v Griffith (2000)
Intention
Communication to the intended trustee
Acceptance of the trust by the trustee
Must comply with the three certainties like any express trust
Fully Secret Trusts
100,000 to Arthur - clandestine meeting with Arthur – to tell him that he is actually a trustee – Fully Secret Trust (FST) – looks like an outright gift to Arthur
If it fails then the fully secret trustee will take the legacy absolutely
Communication
Timing of communication
Must take place any time before death, whether before or after the signing of the will: Walgrave v Tebbs: the legatees had not been informed of the testator’s wishes in lifetime so they took free from the trust
What must be communicated
Existence of the trust
Wallgrave v Tebbs: if a trust is to be enforced vs. an apparent absolute legatee then there must be communication of the fact of the trust
If the fact of the trust is communicated inter vivos, the legatee cannot take beneficially as his conscience is bound
Terms of the trust
Terms as well as its existence must be communicated inter vivos
Re Boyes: terms of the trust were discovered after death in unattested documents – held to not having been properly communicated
CA held that there was a resulting trust to the testator’s estate as original trust had not been properly communicated
The property subject to the trust
Re Colin Cooper: increase in the sum of original trust not communicated to trustees – held that the first amount was subject to the trusts but the rest was a resulting trust to testator’s estate
Method of communication
Oral communication – but leads to disputes
Sealed envelope (Re Keen)– analogy of a ship sailing under sealed orders
2 conditions – (1) trustee must know it contains terms of the trust (2) accepts it on that basis
Communication not made to ALL trustees
General rule: If not then the trustees are not bound by the communication – their conscience is clear
Exception : if the gift is to joint tenants, as opposed to tenants in common, all are bound if communication took place before the execution of the will (to A and B rather than to A and B equally)
Re Stead – communication to ONE trustee before the execution of the will BINDS ALL THE TRUSTEES: multiple owners treated in law as one person (timing issue is the same as a HST)
But where communication took place after execution, only those to whom communication was made are bound
Need to look for words of severance
Acceptance
Express: most clear cut
Implied : your silence will not protect you - Moss v Cooper – ‘acquiescence either by words or consent or by silence’: what is important is that the testator must reasonably believe the trust has been accepted
Reliance
On the ST’s acceptance
Makes a will (FST and HST)
For FST – you can make the will and then ask later (only FST)
Or don’t make a will at all (only FST)
Carrying out the secret trust:
In most cases the obligation is to make some inter vivos transfer of property but in Ottaway v Norman: doctrine held to apply equally to an obligation to make a will in favour of the secret beneficiary
Half-Secret Trusts
Where it is clear from the fact of the will that the property is left on trust but the will does not contain the terms of the trust - e.g. ‘10,000 to X on trust’ or ‘10,000 to Y on the trusts I have communicated to him’
If the secret trust is not valid then there will be a resulting trust to the testator’s estate: half-secret trustee is a trustee on the face of the will and cannot take beneficially
Rules for timing of communication are different to FST
Timing: Communication must take place before or contemporaneously with the execution of the will
Re Keen: communication cannot take place after the will as this would ‘violate s 9 of the Wills Act’
David Hayton: argues that this rule is unnecessary – timings are assimilated in several states of US and in Ireland
Consistency...
Buy the full version of these notes or essay plans and more in our GDL Equity and Trusts Notes.
A collection of the best GDL notes the director of Oxbridge Notes (an Oxford law graduate) could find after combing through many applications from mostly first class students and carefully evaluating each on accuracy, formatting, logical structure, spelling/grammar, conciseness and "wow-factor". In short these are what we believe to be the strongest set of GDL notes available in the UK this year. You'll notice that we include several different authors' worth of notes. The first is our 2017 author...
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