Law Notes Conflict of Laws Notes
Conflict of Laws notes fully updated for recent exams in the UK. These notes cover all the major conflicts of laws cases and so are perfect for anyone doing a law degree in the UK or, given the international nature of this subject, these notes also make a great supplement for those studying law abroad.
These notes were formed directly from a reading of the cases and main texts and are vigorous, concise and very well written. Everything is conveniently split up by topic as you can see by the ...
The following is a more accessible plain text extract of the PDF sample above, taken from our Conflict of Laws Notes. Due to the challenges of extracting text from PDFs, it will have odd formatting:
ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTIONS |
---|
Anti-suit injunction (ASI) = restrains proceedings in a foreign jurisdiction. May be used for the following purposes:
To ensure a case can be heard only in England
To prevent enforcement abroad of a foreign judgment improperly obtained
Or may be an anti anti-suit injunction.
Order in personam: i.e. the applicant asks the court to grant an injunction against the respondent to restrain the respondent from commencing or continuing proceedings in another court. It is an equitable injunction, and equity only acts in personam.
Usual situation: Generally, the respondent will be the claimant to the proceedings in the foreign court and often the defendant in English proceedings—though not necessarily.
**In PQ: Identify the applicant and respondent (i.e. the person stopped from starting proceedings abroad), rather than in terms of claimant/defendant.
Parallel proceedings are not per se objectionable. Nevertheless, they can be regarded as expensive & inefficient, encouraging a race to judgment and resulting in competing judgments. Not conducive to proper administration of justice. |
---|
s.37 Senior Courts Act 1981 provides for the power of the court to grant an ASI:
“(1) The High Court may by order (whether interlocutory or final) grant an injunction or appoint a receiver in all cases in which it appears to the court to be just and convenient to do so. (2) Any such order may be made either unconditionally or on such terms and conditions as the court thinks just.” |
---|
Exercise with caution, though there is discretion: Castanho v Brown & Root: Power should be exercised with caution but the categories of justice are not closed.
Do not be “policeman of the world”: Airbus v Patel: There is no embargo on concurrent proceedings and the English court should beware of operating as “the policeman of the world”.
Enforcement of ASI: Difficult to enforce injunctive relief abroad.
Contempt of court: ASIs are usually enforced by personal penalties for non-compliance: the respondent will be in contempt of court if he breaches the injunction and subject to a potential fine, award of damages, or even imprisonment: Mobile Telecommunications v HRH Prince Hussam (possible to commit contempt due to non-compliance with an ASI in respondent’s absence).
Prevented from participating in English proceedings: More significantly in practice, respondent may be prevented from participating in substantive proceedings before the English court. If respondent is a defendant to English proceedings, it will be at risk of a default judgment.
Not recognisable/enforceable: A judgment obtained in breach of the ASI is not recognisable or enforceable in England.
Extraterritoriality and comity:
|
---|
Factors
Extraterritoriality or comity: In English courts, comity is generally understood in a qualified form, applied case-by-case, taking into account various factors.
High point of regarding comity: Star Reefers v JFC:
FACTS: Star Reefers was a company that chartered ships. Had a contract with an arbitration clause for English arbitration. JFC were not a party to the charter contract but had signed letters guaranteeing the payment of the charter monies. SR relied on the guarantee to enter the contract. Went to arbitration against K (charterees), who brought in JFC. JFC sued SR in Russia instead. SR then sued JFC in England for payment under the guarantee and sought an ASI against the Russian proceedings. In English law, JFC would have to pay—but not in Russian law.
HELD: No injunction granted. The court noted that the power to grant an ASI had to be carefully exercised; JFC was not acting wrongfully to start proceedings in Russia, because they were not party to the arbitration clause, and so had no reason not to start proceedings there. No injustice was done.
COMITY TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT: One of the arguments made was that the English court should respect...
Buy the full version of these notes or essay plans and more in our Conflict of Laws Notes.
Conflict of Laws notes fully updated for recent exams in the UK. These notes cover all the major conflicts of laws cases and so are perfect for anyone doing a law degree in the UK or, given the international nature of this subject, these notes also make a great supplement for those studying law abroad.
These notes were formed directly from a reading of the cases and main texts and are vigorous, concise and very well written. Everything is conveniently split up by topic as you can see by the ...
Ask questions 🙋 Get answers 📔 It's simple 👁️👄👁️
Our AI is educated by the highest scoring students across all subjects and schools. Join hundreds of your peers today.
Get Started