History Notes > Origins and Developments of Authoritarian and Single party states Notes
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Tara
Subba
The
Rise
of
Fascism
(HL)
The
Rise
of
Fascism
191501922
Key
Dates
Date
Event
1915
Italy
entered
the
war
on
the
side
of
the
Entente
powers
Entente
powers
promised
to
award
Italy
with
lands
in
the
Trentino,
Trieste
and
Austrian
lands
in
the
southern
Tyrol,
Istria
and
Dalmatia.
The
Italian
Kingdom
was
to
dominate
the
Adriatic
Sea
and
further
colonies
were
to
be
made
in
Africa
and
the
Eastern
Mediterranean.
1919
March
June
September
First
meeting
of
Fascist
movement
-
Mussolini
founded
Fasci
di
combattimento
Treaty
of
Versailles
failed
to
and
any
German
colonies
to
Italy
Seizure
of
Fiume
(Undermined
liberal
government)
Nationalist
Gabrielle
D'Annunzio
marched
with
2000
armed
men
and
occupied
Fiume
in
defiance
of
the
Italian
government.
Showed
decisive
military
action
-
hero
to
the
public
eye.
November
Elections
--
Socialists
become
the
largest
single
party
and
Liberals
could
no
longer
rule
alone.
Fascist
failed
to
win
a
seat
in
parliament.
1920
September
Strikes
--
Occupation
of
the
factories
by
400,000
engineering
workers
November
Fascist
squad
violence
began
1921
May
Fascist
gained
35
seats
in
general
election
October
National
Fascist
Party
organization
created
1922
Increasing
Fascist
violence
July
Abortive
Socialist
General
strike
October
th
Fascists
took
control
of
key
buildings
in
northern
cities
(March
on
Rome
planned)
th
28
Resignation
of
last
Liberal
government
29th
Mussolini
invited
by
King
Victor
Emmanuel
III
to
become
Prime
Minister
30th
Mussolini
arrived
in
Rome.
Fascist
organized
a
victory
party.
27
2
Background
summary
* The
unification
of
Italy
was
completed
in
1870
-
the
new
state
suffered
from
political
and
economic
weakness.
* WW1
was
a
strain
on
her
economy
and
there
was
bitter
disappointment
at
her
treatment
at
the
Versailles
settlement.
* Proportional
representation:
Between
1919--22
there
were
5
different
governments,
incapable
of
taking
decisive
action
that
Italy
needed.
Why
was
Mussolini
able
to
come
to
power?
|
Disillusionment
and
frustration
|
In
1919
the
general
atmosphere
of
disillusionment
and
frustration
in
Italy
was
caused
by
various
factors:
'Mutilated
Victory'
(disappointment
at
It
Italy's
gains
form
the
Versailles
settlement)
Demobilized
soldiers
struggling
to
fit
into
civilian
society
saw
the
peace
settlements
as
a
humiliating
defeat.
Nationalists
who
saw
the
liberals
as
weak
and
incompetent
were
convinced
that
the
government
would
fail
to
defend
Italian
interest
at
the
peace
conference.
They
demanded
that
Italy
should
not
only
receive
territories
agreed
with
the
Entente
in
1915
(Southern
Tyrol,
Trentino,
Istria
and
art
of
Dalmatia)
but
also
be
granted
the
city
of
Fiume.
SS?
SS?
SS?
SS?
Treaty
of
St.
Germain
ceded
Austrian
land
in
the
South
Tyrol
and
Trentino
a?
Italy
USA
and
Britain
refused
to
hand
over
Fiume
-
city
vital
to
the
economy
of
the
new
Yugoslav
state.
o 1919
September:
Seizure
of
Fiume
by
Nationalist
Gabrielle
D'Annunzio
Italy
was
denied
Dalmatia
-
little
Italian
population.
German
colonies
in
Africa
would
not
be
shared
with
Italy.
Outraged
Nationalists
blamed
Liberal
weakness
for
this
humiliating
defeat.
The
Italians
felt
cheated
for
the
valiant
efforts
during
the
war
where
they
faced
700,000
casualties.
Economic
effect
of
the
war
The
financial
cost
of
war
placed
a
heavy
burden
on
Italian
treasury.
Huge
sums
had
been
borrowed
from
the
USA
and
Britain
SS?
National
debt
increased
from
16
billion
liras
in
1914
to
85
billion
lira
in
1919.
Borrowings
proved
inadequate
to
pay
for
war.
o The
government
resorted
to
printing
more
money
-
inflation
spiraled
and
prices
quadrupled
during
war
years.
* The
Lira
declined
in
value
(from
5:
$
in
1914
a?
28:
$
in
1921)
SS?
There
was
massive
unemployment
as
heavy
industry
cut
back
its
wartime
production
levels.
o Industries
whose
profits
were
falling
did
not
take
on
any
new
workers.
o Soldiers
plunged
into
the
deteriorating
economic
situation.
o Unemployment
rose
to
over
2million
in
1919.
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