Law Notes Criminal Procedure and Evidence Notes
A collection of the best Criminal Procedure and Evidence notes the director of Oxbridge Notes (an Oxford law graduate) could find after combing through dozens of LLB samples from outstanding students with the highest results in England and carefully evaluating each on accuracy, formatting, logical structure, spelling/grammar, conciseness and "wow-factor". In short these are what we believe to be the strongest set of Criminal Procedure and Evidence notes available in the UK this year. This collect...
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General rule: where D charged with a sex offence, we can’t adduce evidence/ask qs about C’s sexual behaviour without leave - sometimes called ‘rape shield’ laws
Reason = evidence of sexual habits is of no substantial relevance to C’s credibility
in past, tendency argue that because woman was ‘unchaste’, her word not worthy of belief
or, idea that because has had consensual sex before, more likely consent in future - logically yes but only sometimes relevant
Rules laid down in s.41 YJCEA 99 but convoluted & badly drafted
No evidence may be adduced nor questions be asked in cross-exam about sexual behaviour - s.41(1)
Unless D given leave to do so by trial-judge
but what counts as sexual behaviour?
s.42(1)(c): any sexual behaviour or other sexual experience
Ben-Rejab 11: sexual quizzes on social media - counts - as could things like watching porn or sexting etc
Beedall 07: sexual orientation counts
P(R) 14: abortion doesn’t count
note doesn’t include anything alleged to have taken place as part of event in question
Is a prev false complaint of sex offences evidence of sexual behaviour?
T 01: essentially said evidential burden when ask if sound evidential basis for making previous complaint
All-Hilly 14: C had a good reason why didn’t pursue prev complaint (memory vague) - hence not enough to form a factual foundation for the falsity of earlier complaint
M(AM) 09: where prev complaint obviously untrue, would be absurd if couldn’t bring evidence to show this (should have evidence of this though)
note if sufficient evidential basis for falsity of C’s earlier complaints/omissions to report, allegation will also likely need get through the Bad Character Evidence hurdles
To grant leave, the judge must be satisfied that refusing leave might render unsafe a conclusion of the jury/court on any relevant issue in the case - s.41(2)(b)
And 1 of 3 exceptions!
s.42(1)(a): relevant issue in case means any issue falling to be proved by the prosecution or defence in the trial of accused
Note s.41(6) for all exceptions, evidence must relate to a specific instance of alleged sexual behaviour:
but must still be relevant - explain why - White 04
Exceptions:
The evidence relates to a relevant issue in the case and that issue is ‘is not an issue of consent’ - s.41(3)(a)
s.42(1)(b): about whether acc consented to the act in question - may still be able argue belief of accused though
But McEwan suggests will be v hard for D defend by saying ‘I believed she consented’ because often need to use evidence of past behaviour
Does s.42(1)(b): render protection for Cs illusory?
Gjioni Prev conversation with C in support of his reasonable belief in C’s consent was admissible - as wasn’t evidence that implied C acc did consent, rather did go to whether D believed in consent
Relevant issue = issue of consent & the behaviour in question is alleged to have taken place at or about the same time as the event which is the subject matter of the offence (s.41(3)(b))
A (no.2) 01: here D wanted admit evidence that had had sex 1w before alleged rape - unclear how big gap should be but said 1 week too long, suggests need to be pretty contemporaneous
Stepenson 02: kissing other men earlier the evening of rape irrelevant because must be directly relevant to issue of consent (i.e consent to sex)
Relevant issue = issue of consent & sexual behaviour is alleged to have been so similar (s.41(3)(c))
to any sexual behaviour of C which took place as part of the event which is the subject matter of the charge against the accused, or
to any other sexual behaviour of C which took place at or about the same time as that event…
that the similarity cannot reasonably be explained as a coincidence
A (no.2) 01: HL manipulated to allow in evidence of ongoing sexual r/s
T(Abdul) 04: similar enough behaviour where for 4w before alleged rape in climbing frame in playground, D & C had engaged in consensual sexual intercourse in same climbing frame - same place, position etc
note McGlynn says not actually as straightforward as is made out
Evans 16: allowed evidence from W1 & 2 to support case that C consented despite intoxication - said C had prev while intoxicated directed & encouraged sexual activity
Hallett LJ: ‘behaviour must be sufficiently similar that it can’t be explained reasonably as a coincidence’
note s.41(4) for exceptions 1-3, no evidence shall be regarded as relating to a relevant issue if appears reasonable assume the purpose (or main purpose) is to impugn credibility
Martin 04: purpose was to establish allegation untrue… allow if more than 1 purpose
Where P adduces evidence about sexual behaviour & D’s evidence would go no further than to allow that be rebutted/explained
DGF 08: C claimed consulted GP re risk of pregnancy (D sexual abuse) and that wasn’t sexually active with anyone else at time - but medical records (at time) suggested otherwise- CA said D should’ve been allowed cross-examine C on medical records to rebut the prosecution evidence!
If F had been convicted of rape w.o evidence admitted would’ve been unsafe! Impacted on conviction for indecent assault
Thus in case with counts of...
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A collection of the best Criminal Procedure and Evidence notes the director of Oxbridge Notes (an Oxford law graduate) could find after combing through dozens of LLB samples from outstanding students with the highest results in England and carefully evaluating each on accuracy, formatting, logical structure, spelling/grammar, conciseness and "wow-factor". In short these are what we believe to be the strongest set of Criminal Procedure and Evidence notes available in the UK this year. This collect...
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