History Notes General History VIII: 1500 - 1618 Notes
A comprehensive, yet easy to read set of notes for the period of European history: 1500-1618. Particular emphasis here is on Calvinism, the French Wars of Religion, the Dutch Revolt and the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire section is particularly expansive having written a dissertation and won a prize essay in the field. Overall, I was awarded a First Class grade for this paper, revising exclusively from these notes. ...
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The Dutch Revolt Revision
Why did the Dutch Revolt succeed?
A powerful external threat inspires unity.
Charles V
Taxed heavily.
Philip II
Absent monarch
Stubborn in granting toleration
1559: ecclesiastical reorganisation
1565: launches Inquisition in retaliation of the 1565 Compromise
1567: Alva turns up, launches ‘Council of Troubles’.
1576
Spanish Fury, a sack of Amsterdam genuinely brings all the North and South together leads to the Pacification of Ghent.
Seige of Naarden.
Unity
There is little similiarity; indeed these are local disputes but, moments of genuine coordination.
1576 = banners were ‘Pro Fide et pro Patria’
Estates General as a genuine unifier.
Calvinism
Brought discipline and militancy to a desperate situation.
Don’t overstate
In reality, Calvinism was capricious and uncontrollable, a religion not wholly endorsed by aristocrats and princes the way it had done in France.
Uncontrollable
People are a little pissed off when the Sea Beggars take over.
1577 – Ghent taken and overthrown (Peter Dathenus)
Brussells Council of Eighteen
In 1586, Holland and Zeeland see widespread Beggar overthrowings of traditional elites.
‘Calvinist internationale’.
Duke of Alencon
Brings in 4,000 troops.
Earl of Leicester
Brings in troops on behalf of Elizabeth I.
Backers: Maurice of Nassau, the landgrave of Saxony supports our man, William.
John Casimir
In the fray as an alternative to the Duke of Alencon (Malcontent opinion wants this guy).
William
Wilhelmus
His own powerful propaganda machine
The Apologia propagated myths of Spanish barbarity [backed up by Bartolome de las Casas’ A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies]
Changing fortunes of Spain.
Spain had other problems
Bankrupt – 1576 – leads to the haphazard Spanish Fury
In 1567, it’s the treasure ship coming in that lets him give Margaret some booster.
1588 – Armada, troops leave Spain, while in 1589, the death of Henri III leads Farnese westwards
Decided after Bartholomew 1572, that more important to move east, while in 1571, the Battle of Lepanto rages on, sucking up most resources including Don Juan.
Anything from now on that shows the Calvinist international in full force, will be marked in orange
J.H. Elliott, Europe Divided 1559-1598 (London, 1968).
Similarities between France and the Spanish Netherlands
Women regents
Margaret of Parma (1559)
Governance issues
Troublesome, fractious Estates
Ambitious nobility who want royal administration’s control.
Religion
Facing heresy
Growth of Calvinism
Differences
French royal government was a symbol of national unity in a divided country.
Religion
By 1560, still very tiny percentage are Calvinist (5% at most).
Nobility
Haven’t mass converted to Calvinism.
Many cling to humanism.
The Netherland League
Granvelle remarks they are like the Huguenot League; yes they are a noble group united in challenging royal power, but the Netherland League are not all Calvinists; most have no formal association with the cause.
A narrative (om bhur bhuvaswaha)
(I) Politics, not religion
1559
Philip II sets up the Council of State
Composed of
William of Orange, count of Egmont, Bishop of Arras (Perrenot who dominates).
Troubles
Nobles against crown
William of Orange, Egmont, Baron of Montigny
1561
Philip II publishes a papal bull declaring he will radically reorganise the ecclesiastical system in the Netherlands.
Terms
14 new dioceses to be added.
Controversial:
Nobles saw their sons ousted from power at the gain of royalists.
Resentment
The King had left the country, while the tercio of Spanish soldiers, brought into Flanders in 1553 had been left behind.
Absentee monarch
Kingship is still an intensely personal affair fact that he’s away makes it easier to get annoyed.
1562
Montigny goes to the Spanish court and ask for the removal of the ‘Spanish pig”, Granvelle.
1563
Orange and Egmont leave the Council of State
1564
Philip II acquiesces and dismisses Arras.
A major victory for the Estates – aristocrats achieve control of the royal administration.
Still, the nobles feud
Can’t vote on taxes etc.
Economic problems:
Suspension of English imports on unworked cloth, leads to mass unemployment.
Cue: militant Calvinism
William of Orange thinks he might be able to become leader of Protestants
Philip II orders Tridentine doctrine to be promulgated.
1565-6
Orange petitions Philip II by means of pamphlet and petition for some of religious liberty.
Not out of a humanist desire for religious liberty
Tactical
Similar to France, in the politique view that separated citizenship and religious identity.
While religious uniformity was the ideal scenario, it was neither worth the bloodshed that would destroy Christendom nor the stability of the state to enforce religion.
Philip II is no Catherine de Medici
Orders an Inquisition
Spanish hatred fostered
Particularly from Iberian Jews living in the Netherlands
March 1566
By this point, the lesser nobility is forming a Compromise or League against the Inquisition
Popular discontent and aristocratic leadership has now come together!
Margaret
Calls a meeting of the notables who requested an end to the Inquisition
The Netherland League, or the ‘Geux’
Flirtation with radical Calvinism emerging.
Malcontent:
Outbreak of Northern Seven Years War (1563-70) leads to devastation of Baltic trade
Winter of 1565-6 was bitter.
All this is perfect fodder for Calvinist preachers: they have ready-made and receptive audiences.
Why do people protest?
Not out of misery
1566 winter is not so bad
Bread prices do drop
Economic times not as severe as those during Charles V’s reign.
Differences between Anabaptists and Calvinist movement
Anabaptists
An under-employed, underfed populace led by apocalyptic yearnings found themselves confronted by the power...
Buy the full version of these notes or essay plans and more in our General History VIII: 1500 - 1618 Notes.
A comprehensive, yet easy to read set of notes for the period of European history: 1500-1618. Particular emphasis here is on Calvinism, the French Wars of Religion, the Dutch Revolt and the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire section is particularly expansive having written a dissertation and won a prize essay in the field. Overall, I was awarded a First Class grade for this paper, revising exclusively from these notes. ...
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