Psychology Notes Neuropsychology of Memory Notes
These notes aim to provide an understanding of cognitive neuropsychological models of high level behaviour such as remembering, recognising, short and long term memory and the role of the brain in this behaviour.
These notes are informative, precise, easy to follow and are drawn from a wide range of sources utilising additional course reading and independent reading. ...
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Episodic Future Thinking (1)
The Mental Time Travel (MTT) Hypothesis (Suddendorf & Corballis, 2007)
Comprises the mental reconstruction of personal events from the past (EM) + the mental construction of possible events in the future
Those events are experiences as if they were occurring now
Ability depends on the sophistication of other cognitive capacities - self-awareness, meta-representation , mental attribution + the ability to dissociate imagined mental states from one’s own present mental state
These abilities are also important aspects of ToM
In view of the generative aspect of EM - seems reasonable to suppose that basically the same mechanisms might be involved in imaging the future as in constructing the past
Time travel into the future is in a sense an extrapolation from time travel in the past - similarly involving the ability to escape the influence of the current mental state
Thinking about one’s personal future (episodic future thinking) may be the real driver behind episodic memory
What might episodic memory and imaging the personal future have in common?
Retrieval of relevant information
Personal perspective
Sense of presence /self (autonoetic consciousness)
Narrative structure?
Imagery?
Spatial + contextual structure/detail ?
If MTT is a single cognitive process:
Patients with impairments travelling back in time (amnesia) should also show impairments projecting forwards in tie
Traveling backwards + forwards in time should show overlapping patterns of brain activation in intact participants
Do amnesic patients have problems with imaging future events ?
Buckner & Carroll (2006)
Makes reference to an excerpt of conversation between Tulving and amnesic patient KC
Asked “What will you be doing tomorrow?” – says he doesn’t know + describes his state of mind when thinking about tomorrow as “blank”
Steinvorth & Corkin
HM - does not make predictions about future autobiographical events - when pushed to make a prediction - either responded with an event from the distant past or doesn’t respond at all
Not all future thinking is impaired:
Only those involving a personal perspective - future projections involving the self – sense of presence/self
Non-personal future events Klein, Loftus & Kihlstrom (2002) – patient DB
Severely amnesic following anoxic episode
Could not coherently answer questions about his personal future BUT retained semantic knowledge of the future – asked to talk about an issue which faced the environment – said weather rainfall patterns would change due to industrial pollution
Lacks the ability to consider his personal past + future but can reason about a non-personal semantic future
Do all people with impaired episodic memory have impaired future thinking
Addis et al (2009)
Tested the ability of 16 Alzheimer’s patients (mild – early stages) and 16 age matched controls to generate past + future autobiographical events using an adapted version of the Autobiograpical interview
Event transcriptions were segmented into distinct details classified as either internal (episodic) or external (non-episodic)
AD patients exhibited deficits in both remembering past events + stimulating future events - generating fewer internal + external episodic details than health older controls
Patients were much worse at producing internal details of events for both past + future compared to controls
The internal + external detail scores were strongly correlated across past + future events - providing further evidence of the close linkages between the mental representations of past and future.
Hassabis et al (2007)
Tested whether a group of amnesic patients with primary damage bilateraly to the hippocampus could construct new imagined experiences in response to short verbal cues - outline common place scenarios – v IQ + aged matched controls
Cue => “imagine you are lying on a white sandy beach in a beautiful tropical bay”
Participant instructed to vividly imagine the situation from the cue + describe it in as much (multimodal) detail as possible - explicitly told not to recount an actual memory
Content of descriptions divided into four categories :spatial reference, entity presence, sensory description + thought/emotion/action
RESULTS
Patient sig impaired on the task systematic study formally documents hippocampal amnesic patients difficulty in richly imagining new experiences
Findings offer some insight into the mechanism which could underpin the deficits patients imagined experiences were strikingly deficient in spatial coherence - resulting in their constructions being fragmented + lacking richness
Suggested that the hippo makes a critical contribution to the creation of new experiences providing the spatial context of the environmental setting into which the details are bound the absence of this function mediated by the hippo - fundamentally affects the ability to re-experience or reconstruct past events
According to the traditional view of memory - role of the hippo in EM is time-limited, with these memories consolidated to the neocortex over time
Within this framework it is held that the neocortex contains generalised representation for spatial contextual + non spatial memories - supports memory independently of any contribution from the hipp/MTL
According to this view - successful imagination of experiences would be expected to occur in the presence of hippo lesions - as the co-ordination of activity in multiple neocortical areas
Demonstration that patients with hippo lesions are impaired at generating new imagined exp’s poses a challenge to the traditional model
However it could be argued that the creation of imagined exp’s relies on the retrieval of recent episodic memories - process severely disrupted in hippo amnesics ? – seems unlikely
Neuroimaging
Botzung et al (2008):
fMRI used in healthy subjects to investigate the existence of common neural structures supporting re-experiencing the past + pre-experiencing the...
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These notes aim to provide an understanding of cognitive neuropsychological models of high level behaviour such as remembering, recognising, short and long term memory and the role of the brain in this behaviour.
These notes are informative, precise, easy to follow and are drawn from a wide range of sources utilising additional course reading and independent reading. ...
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