BCL Law Notes Restitution of Unjust Enrichment BCL Notes
These are detailed case summaries (excerpts from cases - not paraphrased) I made during the Oxford BCL for the Restitution of Unjust Enrichment course....
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DSND Subsea v. PGS
Facts
On 3 June 1997, DSND Subsea Ltd (“DSND”) entered into a contract (“the Contract”) with PGS Offshore Technology AS (“PGS”) for the subsea work. The contract was subsequently varied by Heads of Agreement (“HOA”) made between the parties on 2 April 1998. Further relevant agreements were concluded between them on 25 September and 9 October 1998. These were the Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) and Memorandum of Agreement (“MOA”) respectively. It is PGS' case that it was induced to enter into the MOU by a misrepresentation made by DSND, and that it entered into this agreement under economic duress.
Variations to the main contract through the MOU and MOA:
The background to this agreement, concluded on 25 September 1998, was the realisation by both parties by the summer that post-installation was preferable to pre-installation. Between July and September, they negotiated over the modification of the Contract Price to reflect the cost of post-installation of the risers. A second feature of the discussions was DSND's concern about the installability of the RTIAs: this led to negotiations to vary the indemnify and insurance provisions of the Contract. It will be necessary to examine the course of the negotiations in some detail in relation to the economic duress issue.
Holding
Statement of the Law Applicable
The ingredients of actionable duress are that there must be pressure, (a) whose practical effect is that there is compulsion on, or a lack of practical choice for, the victim, (b) which is illegitimate, and (c) which is a significant cause inducing the claimant to enter into the contract: see Universal Tanking of Monrovia v ITWF [1983] AC 336, 400B–E, and The Evia Luck [1992] 2 AC 152, 165G. In determining whether there has been illegitimate pressure, the court takes into account a range of factors. These include whether there has been an actual or threatened breach of contract; whether the person allegedly exerting the pressure has acted in good or bad faith; whether the victim had any realistic practical alternative but to submit to the pressure; whether the victim protested at the time; and whether he affirmed and sought to rely on the contract. These are all relevant factors. Illegitimate pressure must be distinguished from the rough and tumble of the pressures of normal commercial bargaining.
Application to facts
Was the duress illegitimate?
The position at the start of the meeting of 24 September was that there were two principal problems facing the parties: the question of insurance/indemnity, and the issue of compensation for the riser installation. DSND were in my view entirely justified in being reluctant to go offshore without at least a reliable assurance that, if there were a problem with the RTIAs, PGS' all risks policy would cover it. The RTIA saga had been running for a long time, and still had not been resolved. PGS understood the reasons for DSND's anxiety, and believed their concerns to be genuine. I accept the evidence of Mr Hirsti that by the time of the meeting on 24 September, DSND were very concerned about their potential liability in relation to the RTIAs.
I find that DSND still had no final metrology, were not yet in a position to...
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These are detailed case summaries (excerpts from cases - not paraphrased) I made during the Oxford BCL for the Restitution of Unjust Enrichment course....
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