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The Twenty Years Crisis Revision Notes
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The Twenty Years Crisis Revision Revision
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HISTORY REVISION
The Twenty Years Crisis: Paris Peace Settlement and its Breakdown 1919-39 Lecture: The Paris Peace Treaties:
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Versailles (28 June 1919) - Germany
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St Germain-en-Laye (10 Sep 1919) - Austria
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Neuilly-sur-Seine (27 Nov 1919) - Bulgaria
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Trianon (2 June 1920) - Hungary
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Sevres (10 Aug 1920) - Ottoman Empire o
Replaced by Lousanne (1923)
A Democratic Peace:
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Based on Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and national self-determination
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The Weimar Republic was established, forging a democratically run Germany
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Created the League of Nations, based on a belief in collective security o
America did not join the League of Nations, drastically weakening it from the start
Weaknesses of Paris Settlement:
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The League of Nations was linked to vindictive treaties o
Germany saw it as a hostile measure
o
Germany were not included in the LoN
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US and Italy alienated
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Bolshevik menace o
European countries wanted to maintain a fairly strong Germany to act as a buffer against the communist ideology in the East
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Austria and Hungary reduced, reliant on Germany in central Europe
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Turkey later showed the settlement could be broken o
Chanak Crisis, 1922
Turkish troops threatened to attack British and French troops guarding a neutral zone
British handled the situation badly; contributed to the downfall of Lloyd George; Canada acted diplomatically independently of the UK
HISTORY REVISION Treaty of Versailles:
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Too harsh?
o o
Loss of German European territory
o
Rhineland demilitarised
o
Anschluss with Austria forbidden
o
Armed forces limited and no air force allowed
o
War guilt clause
o
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Loss of German colonies
Reparations to the allies
Or too lenient?
o
The Rhineland was not separated from Germany (subsequently remilitarised in 1936)
o
Anschluss with Austria later occurred (1938)
o
Military restrictions were broken (Rapallo, 1922)
o
Germany could pay the reparations bill
o
Germany maintained its status as a major European power
The Locarno Era:
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Treaty of Locarno 1925 o
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Fixed Western borders and created a system of arbitration on the East
Kellogg-Briand pact 1928 o
Outlawed war as means to resolve disputes
Eastern Europe:
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Paris settlement created the Polish corridor
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Britain unwilling to guarantee Eastern borders at Locarno
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France made separate treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia o
Little entente states
The Slump:
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US retreated deeper into isolation; public opinion was that they should have no involvement in European disputes
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