Contract law notes fully updated for recent exams at Oxford and Cambridge. These notes cover all the LLB contract law cases and so are perfect for anyone doing an LLB in the UK or a great supplement for those doing LLBs abroad, whether that be in Ireland, Hong Kong or Malaysia (University of London).
These were the best Contract Law notes the director of Oxbridge Notes (an Oxford law graduate) could find after combing through dozens of LLB samples from outstanding law students with the highest...
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Promisee’s remedies in a contract used for benefit of a third party
If the promisee sues
Traditional view = promisee only able to recover its own loss (and in absence of this, only nominal damages to acknowledge the breach)
Woodar Investment Development v Wimpey Construction [1980]: WC and WID agreed a contract of sale for some land. Purchase price was 850,000 with a condition to pay TT 150,000 upon completion. WC rescinded deal ‘improperly’ so WID claimed losses and those of TT.
Lord Wilberforce:
General rule = promisee can only recover nominal damages for breach of terms to third party If promisee has not suffered losses from that breach themselves.
Even where third party has suffered loss
Jackson v Horizon Holidays disapproved
Lord Denning:
Although third parties can’t sue on the contract
Promisee can
And Can recover losses of third parties as well as his own
Is the only way to achieve a just result while the law is in the position that third parties cannot sue for their individual damages.
Lord Keith:
Jackson has application in special circumstances where contract law needs flexibility
Such as where one party contracts for the benefit of a group (e.g. Dad arranges family holiday and all the family have a rubbish time)
And thus can be applied where losses suffered by third parties can be rightly considered to be part of the loss suffered by the promisee (disappointment of Dad for stress/concern caused to rest of family as well as own disappointment/distress)
Should not be a general rule though.
Burrows: effect of this is that usually only nominal damages available
You can only recover for that which you’ve lost
Therefore, promisee won’t have suffered where contract broken for benefit of third party
Thus promisee only gets nominal damages (about 20) to recognise the breach.
Exceptions to nominal damages only
Specific Performance (although many restrictions on this)
Beswick v Beswick [1968]:
Lord Reid: Would be grossly unfair if nominal damages was the only remedy, however, Old B’s estate can order specific performance of the obligation
Lord Pearce:
In absence of specific performance, would be a substantial defect in the law if promisee only allowed to recover nominal damages when a third party has suffered a great loss
Should be substantial damages recoverable from D by B for C’s loss, which should then be payable to C.
Exception to traditional rule – promisee can recover third party’s loss
The Albezero
Lord Diplock:
In a commercial contract concerning goods
where C and D know that proprietary interests of goods may be transferred from C to X after entrance into contract
and before the breach which causes loss or damage to the goods
C, if such be the intention of them both,
is to be treated in law as having entered into the contract for the benefit of X
and is entitled to recover by way of damages for breach of contract the actual loss sustained by X for whom the contract was entered into.
Linden Gardens BC v Lenista Sludge Disposals [1994]:
Lord Wilberforce...
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Contract law notes fully updated for recent exams at Oxford and Cambridge. These notes cover all the LLB contract law cases and so are perfect for anyone doing an LLB in the UK or a great supplement for those doing LLBs abroad, whether that be in Ireland, Hong Kong or Malaysia (University of London).
These were the best Contract Law notes the director of Oxbridge Notes (an Oxford law graduate) could find after combing through dozens of LLB samples from outstanding law students with the highest...
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