Land Law notes fully updated for recent exams at Oxford and Cambridge. These notes cover all the LLB land law cases and so are perfect for anyone doing an LLB in the UK or a great supplement for those doing LLBs abroad, whether that be in Ireland, Hong Kong or Malaysia (University of London).
These were the best Land Law notes the director of Oxbridge Notes (an Oxford law graduate) could find after combing through dozens of LLB samples from outstanding law students with the highest results in ...
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EASEMENTS
Definition
A propriaryright to do something on servient land or to prevent something from being done on it
E.g. right of way, right to light but no finite list
Capable of binding Ps – a right in rem
Can’t exist in gross
Doesn’t have to be identified in the doc creating it – court will look @ surrounding circs
Can’t be granted in advance of ownership (London Blenheim Estates Ltd v Ladbroke Retail Parks Ltd)
Rule in Harris v Flower - dominant owner, who acquires additional land adjacent to/close by dominant land may wish to use existing easement of its benefit but will usually be unable to do so without committing trespass
Is the easement capable of arising?(ReEllenborough)
Dominant &servient tenements
Easement accommodates the dominant servient
Benefits the land, not the owner personally
Moody v Steggles – commercial benefit doesn’t exclude it immediately but it must be necessary for proper use of land, not just the business. Dominant owner had right to advertise his pub/inn: accommodated dominant tenement b/cservient land situated in front of the pub.
Purely personal or commercial advantage won’t suffice
Hill v Tupper - a canal company leased land behind canal and, when also rented out boats to be used there, Mr H objected. Held his exclusive right to put boats on canal wasn’t an easement but a personal advantage b/c P tried to set up, under the guise of easement, a monopoly which had no normal connection w/ordinary use of his land but was merely an independent business enterprise.
Right to use communal gardens satisfied the test in ReEllenborough b/c:
enhanced the value of property to some degree
not decisive
physical proximity b/wservient& dominant tenements
no objection to houses not immediately bordering the tenement but being slightly away
the benefit can be conferred on a no of different owners simultaneously or be taken advantage off
Distinguish certainty of right to use communal gardens attached to dominant residential land v. uncertainty of a right to wander at will over large defined area.
Although portrayed as questions of fact, these are value judgments made taking into acc. social conditions, technical advantages & accepted models of property use.
Dominant and servient owners are different people in s4eparate ownership & occupation
Can’t have an easement over own land
Tenements come into same ownership = easement extinguished/temporarily suspended
Dominant tenement is sold off = easement recreated via implied grant
The right is capable of forming the subject matter of a grant
Capable of being granted by deed
Grantor & grantee legally capable
w/requisite capacity and title to create an easement
Right sufficiently certain – it’s clear what dominant owner can do & what’s the nature & extent of burden to which servient owner must submit
No right to:
uninterrupted right to light, air, view
uninterrupted television reception (Hunter v Canary Wharf)
Places no positive burden on servient owner
Requires him to merely allow dominant owner exercise his right w/out interference, not do something positive
Doesn’t require him to keep the subject matter in repair
Exception: prescriptive right to maintain a boundary fence
NB: obligation may also arise by way of contract, tort or OLA 1984.
Doesn’t amount to exclusion of servient owner (the ouster principle)
Distinguish
Easements
Possessory rights (i.e. joint user etc.)
Copeland v Greenhalf - a repairer of vehicles unsuccessfully claimed easement by prescription over a strip of land belonging to G. He used it for 50 years for storing customers’ vehicles whilst they await repair/collection. Right claimed went outside any normal idea of easement and amounted to a claim to a joint user of servient tenement.
Scope of ouster principle test is one of degree:canservient owner make ‘reasonable use’ of his land (London Blenheim Estates)
Miller v Encer Products – no objection to a grant of using lavatory although servient owner would be excluded from using it during that time
Does it leave the servient owner in possession & control (Lord Scott in Moncrief v Jameson – allows extensive easements!
Law Comm. criticised best to use “reasonable use” test & remember to be flexible
Has it arisen?(by way of either)
ExpressGrant
Legal easement by deed
if post Oct 2003, deed must be registered (s27 LRA 2002), benefit of easement recorded in property register of dominant land, burden in the charges register of servient land
Equitable easement in writing, agreement or estoppel
A matter of construction gen. principle: in absence of strong evidence of contrary intent, the language of the grant is to be construed most strongly against the grantor
General rule: expressly created easement can’t be subsequently used for a purpose wholly different from that initially envisaged
2 principal ways:
Servient& dominant tenements are in different hands, A grants B an easement
legal interest = deed
equitable interest = writing
Land is owned by potential servient owner, he sells it to another, easement included in the sale
registered disposition = legal easememt
made by written contract = equitable easement
Implied
Usually acquired in this way where land is subdivided into 2 or more parts by sale or lease
Takes effect as legal easement, as long as it’s implied into a lease or a deed
4 ways of implication
Easements of Necessity - only implied where land can’t be otherwise used at all (e.g. access to public highway)
Very high degree of necessity – if there’s alternative way of access, however inconvenient or impractical, it won’t be implied
Land must become landlocked when common owner sells/leases a part of it
Requirements:
common owner of legal estate in 2 plots of land
access b/w one of the plots & public highway can be obtained only over the other plot
a disposition in one of the plots w/out...
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Land Law notes fully updated for recent exams at Oxford and Cambridge. These notes cover all the LLB land law cases and so are perfect for anyone doing an LLB in the UK or a great supplement for those doing LLBs abroad, whether that be in Ireland, Hong Kong or Malaysia (University of London).
These were the best Land Law notes the director of Oxbridge Notes (an Oxford law graduate) could find after combing through dozens of LLB samples from outstanding law students with the highest results in ...
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