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#7530 - Cancer And Histology - Medical Finals & OSCEs Notes

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Cancer and Histology

Adenocarcinoma=neoplasia of epithelial tissue of glandular origin

Carcinoma=neoplasia of epithelial tissue

Carcinoma-in-situ=neoplasia of epithelial tissue that has not (yet) eroded through the basement membrane

Squamous cell carcinoma=neoplasia of epithelial tissue of squamous cells

Sarcoma=cancer of connective tissue

Cancer Histological classification/Cell type
Pancreatic Ductal adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic (MEN1) Insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, non-functioning
Breast

  • Non-invasive ductal carcinoma-in-situ (premalignant)

  • Non-invasive lobular carcinoma-in-situ (premalignant)

  • Invasive ductal carcinoma (70% of all breast cancers)

  • Invasive lobular carcinoma

  • Medullary carcinoma

  • Colloid cancer

  • Tubular cancer

  • Cystadenocarcinoma
Paget’s disease of the breast Thought to be ductal carcinoma-in-situ
Kidney Clear cell carcinoma/renal cell carcinoma (vHL)
Kidney in sickle cell trait Renal medullary carcinoma
Bladder Urothelial cell carcinoma/transitional cell carcinoma
Bladder (schistosomiasis) Squamous cell carcinoma
Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia/PIN Premalignant carcinoma-in-situ that develops into prostatic adenocarcinoma
Thyroid

Commonest: papillary thyroid cancer

Second commonest: follicular thyroid cancer
Thyroid (MEN2A/B)(NF1) Medullary thyroid cancer
Parathyroid Parathyroid carcinoma (seen in MEN1) (much less common than benign parathyroid adenoma)
Small cell lung cancer/SCLC

Oat cell carcinoma; derived from APUD cells

(20% of all lung cancers)
Non-small cell lung cancer/NSCLC

Many:

  • Squamous cell carcinoma (20% of all lung cancers)

  • Adenocarcinoma (40% of all lung cancers)

  • Large cell carcinomas

  • Adenosquamous carcinomas
Mesothelioma Derived from mesothelium
Colorectal/CRC Adenocarcinoma
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Oesophageal

Upper two-thirds=squamous cell carcinoma

Lower third=adenocarcinoma (from GORD and Barrett’s oesophagus)
Laryngeal Squamous cell carcinoma
Liver Hepatocellular carcinoma
Gall bladder Adenocarcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma/BCC ‘Rodent ulcers’ from keratinocytes in the epidermis
Melanoma Epidermal malignancy of melanocytes
Squamous cell carcinoma/SCC Neoplasia of keratinocytes in the epidermis that destroys the dermoepidermal junction and invades down into the dermis
Bile duct Cholangiocarcinoma
Bowen’s disease/SCC-in-situ Premalignant SCC confined to the epidermis
Epithelial cells of vessel walls Angiosarcoma
Lymphoma B or T cell lymphocytes
Lymphocytic leukaemia Marrow cell precursors of lymphocytes
Myeloid leukaemia Marrow cell precursors of myeloid cells (RBCs, platelets, granulocytes)
Cholesteatoma Not actually cancer; a destructive growth of keratinising epithelial cells of the middle ear
Testicular

95% are germ cell cancers:

  • 40% seminoma

  • 10% teratoma

  • mixed

5% non-germ-cell cancers:

  • Lyphoma

  • Leydig cell tumour

  • Sertoli cell tumour
Myeloma Neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells
Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance/MGUS Proliferation of plasma cells without fulfilling diagnostic criteria of myeloma; premalignant
Polycythaemia rubra vera/PRV Neoplastic proliferation of erythrocytes
Phaeochromocytoma (vHL)(MEN2A/B) Neuroendocrine tumour of adrenal medulla chromaffin cells; not always malignant
Glioma (33% of intracranial tumours)(malignant)

  • Astrocytoma (commonest)

  • Glioblastoma multiforme

  • Oligodendroglioma

  • Ependymoma (NF2)

  • Mixed astrocytoma/oligodendroglioma

  • Optic glioma (NF1)
Meningioma (8% of intracranial tumours)(benign)(Nf2) Benign tumour of arachnoid membrane
Haemangioblastomas (3% of intracranial tumours)(benign)(vHL) Benign tumour of vascular system in brain, spinal cord or retina, but usually of the cerebellum in sporadic cases, and usually of the retina in vHL
Neurofibroma (NF1)(benign) Benign tumour of nerve sheath in peripheral nervous system
Vestibular schwannoma/acoustic neuroma (5% of intracranial tumours) (NF2)(benign) Schwannoma of the vestibulocochlear nerve; bilateral in NF2

Adenocarcinomas:

  • Colorectal

  • Prostate

  • Gastric

  • Pancreatic

  • Oesophageal (lower third)

  • NSCLC (40% of all lung cancers)

  • Gall bladder

Squamous cell carcinomas:

  • Bladder cancer (schistosomiasis)

    • ...
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This is my collection of typed notes and diagrams made for my Finals in Medicine, both the written exams and the Objective Structured Clinical Examinations, OSCEs, which we all dread. I found that maki...
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