Cancer And Histology Notes

Updated Cancer And Histology Notes

Medical Finals & OSCEs Notes

Approximately 119 pages

This is my collection of typed notes and diagrams made for my Finals in Medicine, both the written exams and the Objective Structured Clinical Examinations, OSCEs, which we all dread. I found that making not only academic notes, but also notes of practical use for the OSCEs was very valuable.

This pack includes OSCE notes of clinical examination walkthroughs and clinical signs, examination interpretation, presentation and summaries for various OSCE subjects, as well as chest x-ray Interpretati...

Available here

The following is a more accessible plain text extract of the PDF sample above, taken from our Medical Finals & OSCEs Notes. Due to the challenges of extracting text from PDFs, it will have odd formatting:

Cancer and Histology

Adenocarcinoma=neoplasia of epithelial tissue of glandular origin

Carcinoma=neoplasia of epithelial tissue

Carcinoma-in-situ=neoplasia of epithelial tissue that has not (yet) eroded through the basement membrane

Squamous cell carcinoma=neoplasia of epithelial tissue of squamous cells

Sarcoma=cancer of connective tissue

Cancer	Histological classification/Cell type
Pancreatic	Ductal adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic (MEN1)	Insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, non-functioning
Breast	Non-invasive ductal carcinoma-in-situ (premalignant) Non-invasive lobular carcinoma-in-situ (premalignant) Invasive ductal carcinoma (70% of all breast cancers) Invasive lobular carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Colloid cancer Tubular cancer Cystadenocarcinoma
Paget’s disease of the breast	Thought to be ductal carcinoma-in-situ
Kidney	Clear cell carcinoma/renal cell carcinoma (vHL)
Kidney in sickle cell trait	Renal medullary carcinoma
Bladder	Urothelial cell carcinoma/transitional cell carcinoma
Bladder (schistosomiasis)	Squamous cell carcinoma
Prostate	Adenocarcinoma
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia/PIN	Premalignant carcinoma-in-situ that develops into prostatic adenocarcinoma
Thyroid	Commonest: papillary thyroid cancer Second commonest: follicular thyroid cancer
Thyroid (MEN2A/B)(NF1)	Medullary thyroid cancer
Parathyroid	Parathyroid carcinoma (seen in MEN1) (much less common than benign parathyroid adenoma)
Small cell lung cancer/SCLC	Oat cell carcinoma; derived from APUD cells (20% of all lung cancers)
Non-small cell lung cancer/NSCLC	Many: Squamous cell carcinoma (20% of all lung cancers) Adenocarcinoma (40% of all lung cancers) Large cell carcinomas Adenosquamous carcinomas
Mesothelioma	Derived from mesothelium
Colorectal/CRC	Adenocarcinoma
Gastric	Adenocarcinoma
Oesophageal	Upper two-thirds=squamous cell carcinoma Lower third=adenocarcinoma (from GORD and Barrett’s oesophagus)
Laryngeal	Squamous cell carcinoma
Liver	Hepatocellular carcinoma
Gall bladder	Adenocarcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma/BCC	‘Rodent ulcers’ from keratinocytes in the epidermis
Melanoma	Epidermal malignancy of melanocytes
Squamous cell carcinoma/SCC	Neoplasia of keratinocytes in the epidermis that destroys the dermoepidermal junction and invades down into the dermis
Bile duct	Cholangiocarcinoma
Bowen’s disease/SCC-in-situ	Premalignant SCC confined to the epidermis
Epithelial cells of vessel walls	Angiosarcoma
Lymphoma	B or T cell lymphocytes
Lymphocytic leukaemia	Marrow cell precursors of lymphocytes
Myeloid leukaemia	Marrow cell precursors of myeloid cells (RBCs, platelets, granulocytes)
Cholesteatoma	Not actually cancer; a destructive growth of keratinising epithelial cells of the middle ear
Testicular	95% are germ cell cancers:...

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