Medicine Notes Psychology Notes
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To what extent is the brain lateralised for language? Illustrate your answer with reference to patients with brain damage.
What is the evidence supporting the view that: (i) the language we speak influences our thoughts and perceptions; (ii) the age at which we acquire a language influences our language ability?
What is the evidence supporting the view that there are critical periods for language acquisition?
Provide definitions for language, phonology, semantics and grammar (or syntax). Describe the grammatical abilities of patients with (i) Broca’s aphasia and (ii) Wernicke’s aphasia.
Definitions
Language
Phonology:
Semantics: broadly defined as the meaning of linguistic expression
Grammar/ syntax- the rules/grammar that specify how words can be combined into sentences in a given language
Auditory paths
-There are two routes for perceiving and producing speech
Lexical semantic processing; “what route”
Ventral to the Left primary cortex – this route makes contact with structures important for semantic memory
auditory motor correspondence “how route”
Auditory , motor, visual aspects of speech converge
Region is linked to motor theory of speech perception as region is active when silently articulating a phrase/ thinking about a phrase
Functional imaging studies have shown that primary auditory cortex of both left and right hemispheres responds equally to speech and other types of auditory stimuli
This suggests divergence at a lateral cortical stage- beyond the auditory cortex, humans begin to show a greater left hemisphere responsiveness for speech relative to non-speech along the what route of temporal lobes
Scott et al 2000- showed increased activity in left temporal region in intelligible relative to intelligible speech
Pure word deafness: found following damage to the left hemisphere-these patients are able to identify environmental sounds and music but not speech- these patients are able to produce speech but heard speech appears to be too fast/ distorted
Broca’s area
Broca’s patient Leborgne only utterance was word ‘Tan’ – despite this language deficit Lebornge was capable of comprehending spoken and written language
Broca did an autopsy on Leborgne and discovered large lesion of left inferior prefrontal cortex- which is now known as Broca’s area
Deficit:
Expressive difficulties
language is slow and laboured
lacking in grammatical structure
speech also lacks intonation and inflection of normal language
Comprehension difficulties
Comprehension of spoken language normal
Problem in understanding grammatically complex language
This shows broca’s area is important for expression of language and understanding of grammar
Wernicke’s area
Brodmann area 22- superior temperol gyrus
1874 Wernicke discovered that damage to region of left temporal lobe- posterior to auditory cortex was associated with deficit in language comprehension and speech that is meaningless or devoid of intelligible content/meaning
So damage to Wernicke area is associated with receptive difficulties speech that is fluent and grammatically content but is utterly nonsense –fluent aphasia
Wernicke-Gerschwind model of language
Geschwind proposed that when we hear spoken language sounds are first processed by auditory cortex which then passes its input to Wernicke’s area where sounds are decoded and comprehended.
Then if a response is necessary Wernicke’s area further translates thought processes into verbal responses which are transmitted to Broca’s area via the left articulate fasciculus. In Broca’s area the necessary neurons for articulation and complex muscle co-ordination so that appropriate spoken language reply can be voiced
-Wernicke is connected to Broca’s area via the arcuate fasciculus and loss of this results in conduction aphasia – this refers to difficulties repeating words just heard
Spoken word recognition- Wernicke’s
matching some aspect of an acoustic form to a stored set of spoken words that comprise the set of known word’s speaker’s vocabulary- this store of words is known as phonological lexicon and the matching process is called lexical access
Cohort model- Marslen-Wilson and Tyler – 1980- Theory states that in lexical access a large number of spoken words are initially considered as candidates but words get eliminated as more evidence accumulates. The point at which acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one word- uniqueness point
Semantic meaning of words-coded by the ventral route for speech comprehension- temporal lobes. Within these regions there is a sensory functional distinction- describes semantic categories differ in the extent to which functional vs sensory information is presented
Some objects defined by sensory properties- colour, shape, four legs, intimate objects such as tools defined by their function
Functional imaging has shown different regions of temporal cortex light up accordingly
Another model for semantic meaning Is categorical organisation into action based, shape based, movement based rather than a dichotomous separation into...
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